By now, you've likely heard the argument to eat less meat for the health of the planet. Heck, even Beyoncé has been pushing this message, dangling the prospect of free concert tickets for life before fans to raise interest in plant-based eating for the environment.
But if you're an omnivore starving while staring at a menu, it can be hard for the future of planet Earth to compete with the appeal of a big, juicy burger.
"The language for meat, and beef in particular, just sounds so much more delicious," says Daniel Vennard. And labels like "meat-free," "vegan," and "vegetarian" tend to be turn offs for consumers. "People don't create positive associations with how it's going to taste and don't feel it's very indulgent."
And that's a real problem for Vennard: As head of the World Resources Institute's Better Buying Lab, it's his job to work with food companies, behavioral economists and marketing experts to find ways to get people to eat more sustainably. Or, as he puts it, to make "this party sound even better than the other party."
The solution, summarized in a new report from the Better Buying Lab, is this: Focus less on the meat-free or health aspects of plant-based foods — which tend to make consumers feel like they're missing out – and more on their flavor, mouthfeel and provenance, so it's "appealing to the inner food critic within all of us," Vennard says.
Now, the goal isn't to get everyone to go vegetarian or vegan — just to choose plant-based options more often. That's because red meat production requires a huge amount of water, land and other resources, and it's responsible for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions.
By WRI's calculations, if the average person on Earth swapped out 30 percent of the beef, lamb and goat meat they eat in favor of plant-based options, it could achieve half the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture necessary by 2050. "Which is pretty significant," Vennard says, "because we've learned that agriculture accounts for about 25 percent of the world's global greenhouse gas emissions." (Actually, WRI hopes Americans cut back even more than that, while people in other parts of the world, where they eat very little red meat, might increase their consumption.)
But the challenge is, how do you get people to make that swap more often?
To find out, the Better Buying Lab teamed up with food companies in the U.K. and U.S., including fast-casual chain Panera Bread. The company had a "Vegetarian Black Bean Soup" on the menu that was originally labeled as low-fat. Customers who tried the soup seemed to like it, but the name didn't seem to encourage a lot of new customers to try it, says Sara Burnett, Panera's vice president for wellness and food policy.
"'Vegetarian' — the word in and of itself — to a lot of folks doesn't sound highly craveable," Burnett says.
So Panera tried out a couple of options to see if it could make that soup sound more scrumptious. When it rebranded the dish as "Cuban black bean soup" in a test at 18 stores in Los Angeles and California's Central Valley, sales went up by 13 percent.
"'Cuban', in a lot of folks' minds, when they react to that they think of a flavor profile," says Burnett. "They think of a little bit of heat, a little bit of spice, and that makes people hungry."
A test that Better Buying Lab conducted with Sainsbury's, a major supermarket chain in the U.K., had even more dramatic results. When Sainsbury's rebranded its "Meat-Free Sausage and Mash" as "Cumberland-Spiced Veggie Sausage and Mash" — a name that evokes a traditional British sausage preparation — sales went up by a whopping 76 percent.
Vennard points to previous research suggesting that, before ordering, diners tend to create simulations in their mind about what they think a meal will taste like. Even so, "the surprise, for me, was how much of an impact language can have on ordering behavior," he says.
Panera found its results so convincing, Burnett says, that the company is now doing similar name testing for menu items under development. So don't be surprised to see more words like "Tuscan," "grilled" or "toasted" on Panera menus in the future — "they actually give you a flavor cue," Burnett says. "It's going to be warm and it's going to be a little crunchy on the outside and gooey on the inside."
Now, you'd be forgiven if you think the idea of using language to make food sound tastier seems fairly obvious. "It's Marketing 101," says John Stanton, a professor of food marketing at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia.
But for a long time, he says, vegetarian and vegan food makers have been falling short on this basic concept. "They're targeting it to people who want to avoid meat," Stanton says. But a recent survey shows only 3 percent of the U.S. population identifies as vegan and only 5 percent as vegetarian. "It's a much bigger market for people who want to engage in delicious."
And the demand is there, says Melanie Zanoza Bartelme, a global food analyst with Mintel. "Consumers are really looking for easy ways to get more 'good for them food' — legumes, nuts and seeds and fruits and vegetables — in their diet," Bartelme says.
But she says Mintel's research suggests that 50 percent of U.S. consumers say plant-based foods out there "need a greater variety of flavors. So it might be that some of these products haven't yet convinced them that they are worth the switch."
Vennard hopes that the strategies the Better Buying Lab has come up with will help win over more of those consumers.
But if that fails? Well, there's always Beyoncé.
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